Unix/Solaris °ü·Ã°Ô½ÃÆÇ |
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2000/12/06(21:33) from 203.254.154.69 | |
ÀÛ¼ºÀÚ : °ÁÙ±â (jkkang65@hanmail.net) | Á¶È¸¼ö : 2619 , ÁÙ¼ö : 494 |
ÀëÀÖ´Â ¼Ö¶ó¸®½º À̾߱â - ù¹ø° |
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ÆÛ¿Â °ÁÂÀε¥ ,Ãâó´Â ¸ð¸£°Ú³×¿ä..^^;; ÀëÀÖ´Â ¼Ö¶ó¸®½º À̾߱â (¿©¼¸¹ø°) À̹ø¿£ OS¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ü·Ã ȯ°æ ÈÀÏÀ» ¿Ã¸³´Ï´Ù. ¸¹À̺» ÈÀÏÀÌ ¾î¶² ±â´ÉÀ» ÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Ë¸é ¹«ÁöÇÏ°Ô Æí¸®ÇÏÁÒ. ¹°·Ð ¿µ¹®À̱äÇÏÁö¸¸ õõÈ÷ »ìÆì º¸¼¼¿ä. Solaris 2.x/SunOS 5.x System Administration Files and their purpose. File Purpose ---- ------- /kernel/unix This is the kernel; it controls basic operating system services. /etc/system This allows access for setting kernel parameters. /ufsboot /usr/lib/fs/ufs This is the boot block used for booting the kernel. /etc/passwd /etc/shadow User login, password and password aging information. /etc/group User groups account information. /etc/hosts Local host and IP address information. /etc/aliases Electronic mail addresses, aliases and groups. /etc/motd Message of the day. /dec/defaultdomain Domain name the system uses. /etc/hostnameXX Hostname on the priamary ethernet. /etc/hoxtname.??1 Hostname on the second ethernet. /etc/ethers Ethernet address and hostname (early 5.x only). /etc/bootparams Defines root/swap for diskless clients (jumpstart). /tftpboot/inetboot Boot for clients. /etc/inittab Read by init to control switching between run levels. /sbin/rcS Script to boot to single user mode /sbin/rcX(X=1,2,3) Scripts init uses for changing run levels. /etc/init.d Directory containing startup scripts /etc/saf Directory of tty port monitors. /etc/ttydefs Terminal line settings information for ttymon. /usr/share/lib/terminfo Terminal capability database. /etc/services Internet services and ports. /etc/rpc Library routines for remote procedure calls. /etc/protocols Network protocol name database. /etc/networks Network name and address database. /etc/netmasks Network mask database. /etc/initd.conf Internet servers database. /etc/defaultrouter Defines the default router. /etc/nsswitch.conf Configuration file for the name service. /etc/netconfig Network configuration database. /etc/lp Directory of printer setup files. /etc/gateways Network/host destinations routing used by routed. /etc/vfstab Table of filesystem mount points. /etc/mnttab List of current mount points. /etc/dfs/shares Shared filesystems accessable from other systems. /etc/rmttab List of remote mount points. /etc/dfs/fstypes List distributed file system types. /etc/default/fs Local filesystem type. /etc/default/login Policy for default logins. /etc/default/passwd Policy for passwd requirements. /etc/default/su Sets the file used to log all su attempts. /etc/default/cron Sets the file used to log cron information. /etc/default/tar Defines default device of tar. /usr.sadm/install Directory containing install information. /etc/profile System wide sh enviroment settings file. /etc/.login System wide enviroment settings file. /reconfigure Upon reboot triggers reconfiguration of devices. /AUTOINSTALL Upon reboot triggers autoinstall/jumpstart. ÀëÀÖ´Â ¼Ö¶ó¸®½º À̾߱â ÀÏ°ö¹ø° -¼¼»ó¿¡¼ Á¦ÀÏ Áß¿äÇÑ ¹é¾÷(ufsdump) ¹é¾÷À» ¸øÇϸé Àü»êÀ» ÇÏÁö¸»¶ó´Â ¾Ö±âµµ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ùÀÇ µ¥ÀÌŸ¸¦ º¸È£Çϱâ À§Çؼ´Â ¹é¾÷À» »ýÈ°È ÇսôÙ. 1. ufsdump / ufsrestore I) ufsdump file systemÀüü ¶Ç´Â µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ ÆÄÀÏ°ú µð·ºÅ丮ÀÇ ÀüºÎ ¹é¾÷ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹é¾÷ ¸í·É¾îÀÌ´Ù. # ufsdump option [ arguments ] files_to_dump Option 0-9 dump level optionÀ» Á¤ÀÇ ( 0 °¡Àå³·Àº ·¹º§ full_dump) a tape¿¡ ´ýÇÁµÇ¾îÁú ÆÄÀÏÀÇ on_line archive¸¦ »ý¼º f ÆÄÀÏÀÌ ¾²¿©Áú µð¹ÙÀ̽º¸¦ ±ÔÁ¤. argument ÇÊ¿ä u ³¯Â¥¸¦ °¡Áø ´ýÇÁ ·¹ÄÚµå¿Í ÀÌ ÆÄÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¹é¾÷ÀÇ µõÇÁ ·¹º§À» °»½Å c Å×ÀÙ¿¡ ´ýÇÁ ( blecking factor = 126 block set ) ex) # ufsdump 0uf /dev/rmt/0 /city 2) ufsrestore ufsdump¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý¼ºµÈ backupÀ¸·Î ºÎÅÍ ÆÄÀÏÀ» ÃßÃâÇØ ³½´Ù. # ufsrestore option [ argument ] [file_name] Option) t backupÀÇ ¸ñ·Ï Å×À̺í Ãâ·Â. x ¸í·É¾î ¶óÀο¡ ¸í¸íµÈ ÆÄÀϸ¸ ÃßÃâ. r ¸ðµç ¹é¾÷À» restore. I ´ëÈÇü restore¸¦ ¼öÇà. f dump_file restoreÇÒ µð¹ÙÀ̽º·Î ´ýÇÁ ÈÀÏÀ» »ç¿ë. v Æнº¸íÀ» Ãâ·Â( verbose ) a archive_file tapeº¸´Ù archive file·Î ¸í¸íµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ºÎÅÍ Á¤º¸ Å×À̺íÀ» °®´Â´Ù. ex) # ufsrestore tvf /dev/rmt/0 tapeÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÒ °æ¿ì ex) # ufsrestore xvf /dev/rmt/0 tapeÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» disk·Î restore ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î À§¿¡¼ backup ¹ÞÀº /city data¸¦ restore ÇÒ°æ¿ì #ufsrestore xvf /dev/rmt/0 /city specify next volume #: 1 ;volume¹øÈ£ ,¼ýÀÚ¸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇϼ¼¿ä set owner / mode for '.' ? [yn] n ;º¯°æÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸½Ã·Á¸é no dump(pass 1-4´Ü°è)°¡ ½ÇÇàµÈ´Ù. DUMP: DUMP DONE ;¸¶Áö¸· ¶óÀÎÀÌ ³ª¿À¸é Á¤»órestore ex) # ufsrestore ivf /dev/rmt/0 ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î À§¿¡¼ backup ¹ÞÀº /city dataÁß Æ¯Á¤ ºÎºÐ¸¸ restoreÇÒ °æ¿ì /city/data/source ÀÇ ÆÄÀϸ¸ restore ÇÒ °æ¿ì #ufsrestore ivf /dev/rmt/0 initialiaze symbol table. ufsrestore > ls ;ÈÀÏ,µð·ºÅ丮 È®ÀÎ ufsrestore > cd date ;date µð·ºÅ丮·Î ufsrestore > add source ;ÆÄÀÏ ¼±Åà ufsrestore > extract ;¼±ÅÃÇÑ ÆÄÀÏÀ» restore ufsrestore > quit ;ºüÁ®³ª°¡±â ¾ÆÁÖ ÀëÀÖ´Â ¼Ö¶ó¸®½º À̾߱⠾ÆÈ©¹ø°( ¹é¾÷°ü·Ã : tar,cpio ) Àú¹ø¿¡ ¼³¸í µå¸° ufsdump¿Í À̹øÀÇ tar´Â ¹é¾÷½Ã ÀÚÁÖ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¸í·É¾îÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ²À ¾Ë¾ÆµÎ½Ã±â ¹Ù¶ø´Ï´Ù. 1. tar (Tape Archive) ex) disk -> tape # tar cvf /dev/rmt/0 * tape -> disk # tar xvf /dev/rmt/0 * tape ³»¿ëº¸±â # tar tvf /dev/rmt/0 Option v : ÀÛ¾÷µÇ´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ È¸é¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³². b : record¿¡ block size¸¦ ÁöÁ¤ (ÃÖ´ë 20) r : replace new file append u : ÁöÁ¤µÈ ÈÀÏÀÌ ¾ø°Å³ª º¯°æµÇ¾úÀ» °æ¿ì °»½Å f : ¾Æ±Ô¸ÕÆ®·Î ¾ÆÄ«À̺곪 device¸íÀÌ ¿Ã ¶§ ÇÊ¿ä. »ç¿ëÇϱâ) * disk¿¡ ÀÖ´Â /roka¸¦ -> tapeÀ¸·Î ¹é¾÷Çϱâ (ÁÖÀÇ:º» ÀÛ¾÷Àº /¿¡¼ ÀÛ¾÷ÇÔ) # tar cvf /dev/rmt/0 /roka * tape¿¡ ÀÖ´Â rokaÀڷḦ DISK¿¡ º¹±¸Çϱâ # tar xvf /dev/rmt/0 /roka * tape ³»¿ëº¸±â # tar tvf /dev/rmt/0 2. cpio ( ls or find ¸í·É¾î¿Í ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÔ²² ¾²ÀÓ) ex) disk -> tape find . -print | cpio -odcvB >/dev/rmt/0 (»ó´ë Æнº) ex) tape -> disk cpio -icdvB < /dev/rmt/0 ex) tapeÀÇ ³»¿ë º¸±â cpio -itvB < /dev/rmt/0 ex) disk -> disk find . -print | cpio -pdum /tmp Option) o : disk¿¡¼ device·Î º¹»ç Ãâ·Â I : device¿¡¼ disk·Î º¹»ç ÀÔ·Â c : À̽ļº °í·Á, ascii ¹®ÀÚ·Î Çì´õ Á¤º¸ ÀÛ¼º (´Ù¸¥ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ±âÁ¾°£¿¡ µ¥ÀÌŸ¸¦ ÁÖ°í ¹ÞÀ»°æ¿ì¿¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÌ ¿É¼ÇÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¹é¾÷À» ¹Þ¾Æ¾ßÇÑ´Ù.) v : ÈÀÏ ¸ñ·Ï Ãâ·Â d : directory¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÛ¼º B : 5,120 byte·Î ·¹Äڵ带 ºí·°ÈÇÔ. u : ¹«Á¶°Ç ±â·Ï,ÈÀÏÀÇ Á¸Àç¿©ºÎ ¹«½Ã p : Ç¥ÁØ ÀÔ·ÂÀ¸·Î ºÎÅÍ ÈÀÏÀÇ °æ·Î¸í ¸ñ·ÏÀ» ÀÐÀ½ m : ÈÀÏÀÇ ÃÖÁ¾ ¼öÁ¤½Ã°£ ÀúÀå.( ÇöÀç ½Ã°£ ) ÀëÀÖ´Â ¼Ö¶ó¸®½º À̾߱⠿¹ø° À̾߱â(½Ã½ºÅÛ ºÎÆà ±æµéÀ̱â) ÇÊ¿ä¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ²ô°í Ä¿¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ°ÚÁö¿ä. »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â User°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é ÇÑ ¹ø ±ÇÀåÀ» ..... ³ëÆ®¿¡ ²À ¸Þ¸ðÇØ µÎ½Ã¸é ¸¹Àº µµ¿òÀÌ ..... =====> ¼Ö¶ó¸®½º À̾߱Ⱑ Àë¾ø´Ù°í ¾Ö±âÇÏ´Â À̵éÀ» À§ÇØ ¿äÁò À¯ÇàÇÏ´Â 3Çà½Ã¸¦ ¿Ã¸®ÁÒ. ¿îÁ» ¶ç¿ö ÁÖ¼Ò ... ÆÒƼ¾ö ÆÒ : ÆÒƼ°¡ ³¢¾ú½À´Ï´Ù¿ä Çü´Ô Ƽ : Ƽ ³ª³Ä ¾ö : ¾öû Ƽ ³²´Ï´Ù¿ä Çü´Ô ^-^ Booting and Halting the System 1) ½Ã½ºÅÛ Boot ¸í·É¾î --- System ÀÇ power ¸¦ on ½Ã unix machine Àº ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î multi user mode ·Î booting À» ½ÃµµÇÔ. ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â ¼öµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î booting option À» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â ¸í·É¾î·Î system power on ÈÄ¿¡ banner °¡ display µÇ´Â »óÅ¿¡¼ STOP + A key ¸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇÔ. OK boot (enter) ---> System default boot ( multi user mode ) OK boot -s (enter) ---> single user mode booting OK boot cdrom (enter) ---> OS cd media ·Î booting --- System ÀÌ »ç¿ëÁß(multi)ÀÎ °æ¿ì # reboot # reboot -- -s # reboot cdrom 2) System Run Levels --- Unix system Àº Á¤»óÀûÀÎ multi user »óÅ¿¡¼´Â run level 3 »óÅ·ΠµÇ¸ç Solaris 2.x ¿¡¼´Â À̹ۿ¡µµ ¿©·¯°¡Áö run level Á¶Àý ±â´ÉÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. Run Level Status Command -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- S Single-user mode init S, shutdown 0 PROM monitor mode init 0, halt, shutdown -i0 1 Single-user init 1, shutdown -i1 2 multi-user mode (nfs ºÒ°¡) init 2, shutdown -i2 3 multi-user mode (nfs »ç¿ë°¡) init 3, shutdown -i3 5 halt and boot -a init 5, shutdown -i5 6 halt and reboot init 6, reboot ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3) System ÀÇ Á¤Áö ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» Á¤Áö½Ã´Â À§¿¡ ¾ð±ÞµÈ run level 0 ·Î °¡´Â ¹æ¹ý°ú ¸í·É¾î »óÅ ¿¡¼ halt ¸¦ ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. # repeat 3 sync ---> syncing the file system # halt , init 0 , shutdown -y -g60 -i0 OK ÀëÀÖ´Â ¼Ö¶ó¸®½º À̾߱⠿Çѹø° À̾߱â (ÄÄÇ»Å͸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Ù º¸¸é ÈÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ Full³ª¼ ¼Óµµ°¡ °©Àڱ⠶³¾îÁú¶§°¡ ÀÖÁÒ. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ CheckÇØ º¸½ÃÁÒ) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- / (root) ÈÀϽýºÅÛÀÌ fullµÇ¾úÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿°ÅÇÑ ¼ø¼´ë·Î ÈÀϽýºÅÛÀ» Á¡°ËÇÑ´Ù. 1. / ÈÀϽýºÅÛ¿¡ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÀÓÀÇ·Î ¸¸µé¾î ÁØ µð·ºÅ丮°¡ Àִ¸é Á¤¸®ÇÑ´Ù. 2. /dev µð·ºÅ丮 ¹Ø¿¡ ÀϹÝÈÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö Á¶»çÇÑ´Ù. # find /dev -type f -exec ls -l {} \; ÀϹÝÈÀÏÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì, ¸ðµÎ Áö¿ì¸é µÈ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ Å×ÀÌÇÁ¿¡ ¹é¾÷À» ¹ÞÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡ »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ µð¹ÙÀ̽º¸íÀ» À߸ø ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ¿©, Å×ÀÌÇÁ¿¡ ¹é¾÷µÇÁö ¾Ê°í ÈÀÏ¿¡ ÀúÀåÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. 3. ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â core ÈÀÏÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÑ´Ù. core ÈÀÏÀ» ã¾Æ º¸·Á¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸í·É¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. # find / -name core -print core ÈÀÏÀ» ã¾Æ¼ ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î Áö¿ì·Á¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÑ´Ù. # find / -name core -exec rm {} \; -print 4. /var°¡ root ÈÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì, /var µð·ºÅ丮 ¹ØÀ» Á¶»çÇÑ´Ù. # du -sk /var/* | sort -nr ÀÌ ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇϸé /var ¹Ø¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µð·ºÅ丮 º°·Î ±× ¼ºê µð·ºÅ丮±îÁö Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© KB ´ÜÀ§ÀÇ Å©±â¸¦ Ãâ·ÂÇÑ´Ù. °Å±â¿¡¼ »çÀÌÁî°¡ Å« µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Á¶»çÇÑ´Ù. Á¤»óÀûÀÎ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ÁÖ·Î ¹®Á¦°¡ µÉ ¸¸ÇÑ µð·ºÅ丮´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. /var/adm /var/mail /var/log /var/preserve /var/spool 4.1 /var/adm /var/adm µð·ºÅ丮¿¡´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ¿î¿ëÁßÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¸Þ¼¼Áö³ª ±âŸ Á¤º¸µéÀÌ ´©Àû º¸°üµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ Å« ÈÀÏÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é Á¤¸®ÇÑ´Ù. messmages.0, messages.1, ... ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÈÀÏÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ±×³É Áö¿öµµ »ó°ü¾ø´Ù. messages ÈÀÏÀÇ Å©±â°¡ ³Ê¹« Å©¸é " # cp /dev/null messages " ¸í·É¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ÈÀÏ Å©±â¸¦ 0À¸·Î ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ÈÀÏÀº ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â ¸Þ¼¼Áö¸¦ º¸°üÇÏ´Â ÈÀÏÀÌ´Ù. wtmp ¶Ç´Â wtmpx ÈÀÏÀÇ Å©±â°¡ ³Ê¹« Å©¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸í·É¾î¸¦ ½ÇÇàÇÏ¿© ±× Å©±â¸¦ 0À¸·Î ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ÈÀÏ¿¡´Â ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ Á¢¼ÓÇÑ »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤º¸¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ÈÀÏÀÌ´Ù. # cp /dev/null wtmp # cp /dev/null wtmpx ¸¸ÀÏ pacctÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ±× ÈÀÏÀÇ Å©±â¸¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸í·É¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Å©±â¸¦ 0À¸·Î ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ÈÀÏÀº accounting Á¤º¸¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ÈÀÏÀÌ´Ù. # cp /dev/null pacct pacct1, pacct2, ... µîµîÀÇ ÈÀÏÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ±×³É Áö¿ì¸é µÈ´Ù. ±×¿Ü¿¡µµ »çÀÌÁî°¡ Å« ÈÀÏÀ» ¾Ë¾Æ¼ Á¤¸®ÇÑ´Ù. 4.2 /var/mail /var/mail µð·ºÅ丮¿¡´Â ¸ÞÀÏ µ¥ÀÌŸ°¡ º¸°üµÇ´Â °÷ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ »çÀÌÁî°¡ Å« ÈÀÏÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é, ÇØ´ç »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡°Ô ±× ¸ÞÀÏÀ» Á¤¸®Çϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. 4.3 ±âŸ µð·ºÅ丮¿¡ ´ëÇؼµµ Á¶»çÇÏ¿© ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÏ°Ô »çÀÌÁî°¡ Å« ÈÀÏ ÀÖÀ» °æ¿ì ¾Ë¾Æ¼ Á¤¸®ÇÑ´Ù. ´Ü ÈÀÏÀ» Áö¿ï ¶§, ±× ÈÀÏÀÌ ¾î¶² ÈÀÏÀÎÁö ¼÷ÁöÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ Áö¿ï °ÍÀΰ¡ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. 5. / ÈÀÏ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â 1 MB ÀÌ»óµÇ´Â ÈÀÏÀ» Á¶»çÇÏ¿©, ÈÀÏ Å©±â¼øÀ¸·Î sortÇÏ¿© ±× ³»¿ëÀ» Á¶»çÇÑ´Ù. # find / -mount -size +1024k -ls > /tmp/find.list # sort -nr +6 /tmp/find.list > /tmp/find.list.s find.list.s ÈÀÏ¿¡¼ ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀÎ Å« ÈÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö Á¶»çÇÑ´Ù |